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Dravet syndrome

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General

Dravet syndrome (DS) — also known as polymorphic epilepsy of infancy or SMEI – severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancyis a rare genetic disorder that causes epileptic encephalopathy, i.e., impaired brain function.

Dravet syndrome is characterized by lifelong epileptic attacks that begin already during the first year of life, with atypical prolonged episodes and a poor response to standard therapy. DS is caused by a mutation in the SCN1A gene (found in about 79% of patients with this syndrome), which leads to a dysfunction of the sodium channel, resulting in uncontrolled unilateral seizures (affecting one side of the body) or generalized tonic‑clonic (grand mal) seizures that are prolonged (lasting more than 5 minutes) and may progress to status epilepticus (lasting more than 30 minutes, or a series of seizures throughout the day without return to baseline consciousness). Muscle jerks are also often present. The first seizure is usually triggered around the 6th month of life, often following the first vaccination. Based on the frequency of seizures, further symptomatology develops, such as delayed psychomotor development and EEG changes, which may not be present in the first years of life.

The prevalence is estimated at 1 in 20,000 to 40,000. In Slovakia, there are approximately 50–60 children with this disorder. The condition is twice as common in boys.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Dravet syndrome is confirmed by genetic testing. The syndrome is suspected when seizures occur around 6 months of age in connection with vaccination, with a cold, or with fever without suspicion of neuroinfection (encephalitis, meningitis), when seizures are frequent and prolonged (longer than 5 minutes), and when treatment is ineffective.

Treatment

To control seizures, a combination of antiepileptic medications is required. Some antiepileptic drugs may actually worsen the seizures and must be discontinued if this happens. Patients are under the care of a neurologist. The seizures are pharmacoresistant — treatment can reduce their frequency, but cannot suppress them completely.

  • začiatok pred 1. rokom života s maximom okolo 5. mesiaca
  • prolongované a frekventné záchvaty
  • unilaterálne kŕče (na jednej strane tela) alebo prítomnosť grand mal - tonicko - klonické kĺče (celotelové zášklby, kŕče)
  • u 79% sa diagnostikuje mutácia SCN1A génu
  • v začiatkoch záchvatov býva EEG v norme, avšak okolo 4 rokov sú prítomné aj patologické zmeny
  • v začiatkoch sú často prítomné febrilné kŕče, ktoré sú prolongované, alebo prítomnosť status epilepticus (viac ako 30 min)
  • vyvolávajúcim stimulom býva zvyčajne svetelné prebleskovanie, zvýšená teplota (teplý kúpeľ, cvičenie), vakcinácia ale často bez prítomnosti vyvolávajúceho stimulu
  • citlivosť na svetlo
  • ortopedické ťažkosti
  • oneskorenie reči
  • spomalenie psychomotorického vývoja, regresia už nadobudnutých skúseností - závisí to od včasnosti vzniku záchvatov. Spomalenie psychomotorického vývoja býva v širokej škále - u niektorých detí sa pozoruje autistické správanie, porucha pozornosti, poruchy správania či poruchy spánku, porucha intelektu na úrovni vzdelávania, avšak u niektorých jedincov však nie je psychomotorický vývoj narušený
  • popisované sú aj neurologické príznaky, ktoré sa časom objavujú - ataxia (narušenie koordinácie pohybov), tremor (tras)
  • hypotónia - znížený svalový tonus
  • nutnosť kombinácie antiepileptík na stabilizovanie záchvatov, zle kontrolované záchvaty
  • poruchy rastu a výživy
  • prítomnosť chronických infekcií
  • zvýšené riziko náhlej smrti počas záchvatov (15-20%)

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